Hauptmenü:
Was man wissen sollte
Überblick
über die
Z E I T E N B I L D U N G
in Aktiv und Passiv
1. Active
simple forms
simple present = present tense | ||
infinitive / -s /-es 3rd person sing. | ||
I | work / go / am / have | |
you | work / go / are / have | |
he | works / goes / is / has | |
she | works / goes / is / has | |
it | works / goes / is / has | |
we | work / go / are / have | |
you | work / go / are / have | |
they | work / go / are / have |
simple past = past tense | ||
-ed / irregular verbs (2nd form) | ||
I | worked / went / was / had | |
you | worked / went / were / had | |
he | worked / went / was / had | |
she | worked / went / was / had | |
it | worked / went / was / had | |
we | worked / went / were / had | |
you | worked / went / were / had | |
they | worked / went / were / had |
present perfect | ||||
have / has + past participle | ||||
I | have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
you | have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
he | has | worked / gone / been / had | ||
she | has | worked / gone / been / had | ||
it | has | worked / gone / been / had | ||
we | have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
you | have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
they | have | worked / gone / been / had |
past perfect | ||||
had + past participle | ||||
I | had | worked / gone / been / had | ||
you | had | worked / gone / been / had | ||
he | had | worked / gone / been / had | ||
she | had | worked / gone / been / had | ||
it | had | worked / gone / been / had | ||
we | had | worked / gone / been / had | ||
you | had | worked / gone / been / had | ||
they | had | worked / gone / been / had |
will - future | ||||
will + infinitive without to | ||||
I | will | work / go / be / have | ||
you | will | work / go / be / have | ||
he | will | work / go / be / have | ||
she | will | work / go / be / have | ||
it | will | work / go / be / have | ||
we | will | work / go / be / have | ||
you | will | work / go / be / have | ||
they | will | work / go / be / have |
future perfect | ||||
will have + past participle | ||||
I | will have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
you | will have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
he | will have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
she | will have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
it | will have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
we | will have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
you | will have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
they | will have | worked / gone / been / had |
conditional I = future in the past | ||||
would + infinitive without to | ||||
I | would | work / go / be / have | ||
you | would | work / go / be / have | ||
he | would | work / go / be / have | ||
she | would | work / go / be / have | ||
it | would | work / go / be / have | ||
we | would | work / go / be / have | ||
you | would | work / go / be / have | ||
they | would | work / go / be / have |
conditional II = future perfect in the past | ||||
would have + past participle | ||||
I | would have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
you | would have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
he | would have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
she | would have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
it | would have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
we | would have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
you | would have | worked / gone / been / had | ||
they | would have | worked / gone / been / had |
simple forms
present continuous = present progressive | ||||
Form von be im simple present + past participle (= 3. Form) | ||||
I | am | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | are | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
he | is | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
she | is | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
it | is | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
we | are | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | are | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
they | are | told / beaten / seen / offered |
past continuous = past progressive | ||||
Form von be im simple past + past participle (= 3. Form) | ||||
I | was | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | were | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
he | was | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
she | was | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
it | was | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
we | were | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | were | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
they | were | told / beaten / seen / offered |
present perfect | ||||
have / has been + past participle (= 3. Form) | ||||
I | have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
he | has been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
she | has been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
it | has been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
we | have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
they | have been | told / beaten / seen / offered |
past perfect | ||||
had been + past participle (= 3. Form) | ||||
I | had been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | had been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
he | had been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
she | had been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
it | had been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
we | had been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | had been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
they | had been | told / beaten / seen / offered |
will - future | ||||
will be + past participle (= 3. Form) | ||||
I | will be | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | will be | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
he | will be | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
she | will be | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
it | will be | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
we | will be | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | will be | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
they | will be | told / beaten / seen / offered |
future perfect | ||||
will have been + past participle (= 3. Form) | ||||
I | will have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | will have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
he | will have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
she | will have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
it | will have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
we | will have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | will have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
they | will have been | told / beaten / seen / offered |
conditional I = future in the past | ||||
would be + past participle (= 3. Form) | ||||
I | would be | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | would be | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
he | would be | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
she | would be | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
it | would be | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
we | would be | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | would be | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
they | would be | told / beaten / seen / offered |
conditional II = conditional II = future in the past = future in the past | ||||
would have been + present participle | ||||
I | would have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | would have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
he | would have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
she | would have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
it | would have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
we | would have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | would have been | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
they | would have been | told / beaten / seen / offered |
progressive forms (continuous forms)
present continuous = present progressive | ||||
simple present of be + present participle | ||||
I | am | working / going / waiting / living | ||
you | are | working / going / waiting / living | ||
he | is | working / going / waiting / living | ||
she | is | working / going / waiting / living | ||
it | is | working / going / waiting / living | ||
we | are | working / going / waiting / living | ||
you | are | working / going / waiting / living | ||
they | are | working / going / waiting / living |
past continuous = past progressive | ||||
simple past of be + present participle | ||||
I | was | working / going / waiting / living | ||
you | were | working / going / waiting / living | ||
he | was | working / going / waiting / living | ||
she | was | working / going / waiting / living | ||
it | was | working / going / waiting / living | ||
we | were | working / going / waiting / living | ||
you | were | working / going / waiting / living | ||
they | were | working / going / waiting / living |
present perfect progressive = present perfect continuous | ||||
have / has been + present participle | ||||
I | have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
you | have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
he | has been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
she | has been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
it | has been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
we | have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
you | have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
they | have been | working / going / waiting / living |
past perfect progressive = past perfect continuous | ||||
had been + present participle | ||||
I | had been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
you | had been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
he | had been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
she | had been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
it | had been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
we | had been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
you | had been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
they | had been | working / going / waiting / living |
will - future progressive = will-future continuous | ||||
will be + present participle | ||||
I | will be | working / going / waiting / living | ||
you | will be | working / going / waiting / living | ||
he | will be | working / going / waiting / living | ||
she | will be | working / going / waiting / living | ||
it | will be | working / going / waiting / living | ||
we | will be | working / going / waiting / living | ||
you | will be | working / going / waiting / living | ||
they | will be | working / going / waiting / living |
future perfect progressive = future perfect continuous | ||||
will have been + present participle | ||||
I | will have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
you | will have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
he | will have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
she | will have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
it | will have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
we | will have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
you | will have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
they | will have been | working / going / waiting / living |
conditional I progressive = conditional I continuous = future in the past progressive = future in the past continuous | ||||
would be + present participle | ||||
I | would be | working / going / waiting / living | ||
you | would be | working / going / waiting / living | ||
he | would be | working / going / waiting / living | ||
she | would be | working / going / waiting / living | ||
it | would be | working / going / waiting / living | ||
we | would be | working / going / waiting / living | ||
you | would be | working / going / waiting / living | ||
they | would be | working / going / waiting / living |
conditional II progressive = conditional II continuous = future in the past continuous = future in the past progressive | ||||
would have been + present participle | ||||
I | would have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
you | would have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
he | would have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
she | would have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
it | would have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
we | would have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
you | would have been | working / going / waiting / living | ||
they | would have been | working / going / waiting / living |
4. Passive voice
progressive forms (continuous forms)
present continuous = present progressive | ||||
Form von be im simple present + being + past participle (= 3. Form) | ||||
I | am being | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | are being | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
he | is being | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
she | is being | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
it | is being | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
we | are being | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | are being | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
they | are being | told / beaten / seen / offered |
past continuous = past progressive | ||||
Form von be im simple past + being + past participle (= 3. Form) | ||||
I | was being | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | were being | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
he | was being | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
she | was being | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
it | was being | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
we | were being | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
you | were being | told / beaten / seen / offered | ||
they | were being | told / beaten / seen / offered |
The simple present and the present progressive
The simple present
Das einfache Präsens wird im Englischen verwendet, um
► gewohnheitsmäßige oder wiederkehrende Handlungen auszudrücken;
► einen Zustand bzw. einen für eine lange Zeit gültigen Tatbestand zu beschreiben;
► aufeinanderfolgende Handlungen aufzuzählen.
Beispiele:
►► gewohnheitsmäßige Handlung:
►►► She usually goes to the university by bus.
►► Zustand, lange gültiger Tatbestand:
►►► He speaks two languages.
►► Aufzählung aufeinanderfolgender Handlungen:
►►► I close the door, then I go to the window and open it.
►►► weitere Beispiele:
►►►► Statements (Aussagen)
I start at 7 o'clock.
We live in Berlin.
She studies computer sciences.
►►►► Negative statements (verneinte Aussagen)
I don't start at 7 o'clock.
We don't live in Hammaraslla.
She doesn't study the history of Hammaraslla.
►►►► Questions (Fragen)
Do you start at 7 o'clock?
Does he know your sister?
Do they play tennis?
Why do you sleep?
►►►► Negative Questions (verneinte Fragen)
Don't you start at 7 o'clock?
Doesn't he know yor sister?
Don't they play tennis?
Why don't you sleep?
Anhand dieser Beispiele lässt sich die Bildung des simple present recht gut erkennen. Die Verben werden einfach konjugiert. In der verneinten Form ist zu beachten, dass die Umschreibung mit do erfolgen muss, falls das Verb im Satz kein Hilfsverb ist.
The present progressive
Der Engländer verwendet diese Form des Präsens, um
► eine in der Gegenwart verlaufende Handlung oder eine für die Zukunft vorgesehene Handlung (mit Zeitangabe!) zu beschreiben.
Gebildet wird diese Zeitform mit der simple present-
be (am / is / are) + ing |
Es sind unbedingt die Besonderheiten bei der Bildung der -
Beispiele:
► in der Gegenwart verlaufende Handlung:
I'm reading a book.
► für die Zukunft vorgesehene Handlung (mit Zeitangabe!)
I'm meeting my friends this evening.
Weitere Beispiele:
►►►► statements (Aussagen)
I'm sitting in the kitchen.
He's playing tennis.
►►►► negative statements (verneinte Aussagen)
I'm not going to the university.
She isn't working in the office.
Man sollte sich klarmachen, was diese Sätze bedeuten und sich erklären, warum im folgenden Satz die beiden Formen des present verwendet werden:
I live in Berlin, but I'm staying with my girlfriend in Munich at the moment.
Die Verlaufsform wird nur bei bestimmten Verben verwendet:
► Verben, deren Bedeutung bereits einen Verlauf beinhaltet, stehen nicht mit der Verlaufsform.
keine Verlaufsform | ||||
to contain | to love | to fade | to know | to agree to |
to like / dislike | to belong to | to hate | to deserve | to believe in |
to exist | to mind | to own / have / possess | to want / wish / desire | to seem |
to suppose | to remember | to suffice |
► Verben mit veränderter, erweiterter und übertragener Bedeutung können mit der Verlaufsform stehen.
to see = sehen | to see so. off = jmd. verabschieden, fortbringen |
to taste = schmecken | to taste sth. = etw. probieren, abschmecken |
to hear = hören | to hear lectures = Vorlesungen hören |
to smell = riechen | to smell sth. = riechen an |
to enter = betreten, eintreten | to enter the harbour = gerade einlaufen |
to arrive = ankommen | to arrive at = gelangen |
Wie man future time ausdrücken kann oder muss
Es gibt vier Möglichkeiten future time auszudrücken:
► going to -
► will -
► present progressive
► simple present
►► going to -
►►► examples:
-
-
-
Das going to -
Achtung: Das going to -
I'm going to wash my car. -
I'm washing my car. -
►► will -
►►► examples:
-
-
-
Das will -
-
-
-
Das will -
-
-
-
Ebenso wird das will -
►► present progressive
►►► examples:
-
-
-
-
-
-
and in the evening I'm meeting Paul.
Das present progressive wird zum Ausdruck der Zukunft gebraucht, wenn es sich um definitiv festgelegte Verabredungen und Vereinbarungen in der Zukunft handelt.
Oft steht in diesem Zusammenhang eine temporale Adverbiale [Zeitbestimmung] (tomorrow, on Monday, in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, on Friday night) zur Verdeutlichung, dass es sich um ein zukünftiges Ereignis handelt.
►► simple present
►►► examples:
-
-
-
Der Gebrauch des simple present zum Ausdruck der Zukunft wird häufig auch als timetable -
Häufig steht es nach Verben wie start, end, leave, arrive.
The present perfect
Beispielsatz | Erklärung |
Have you seen Joff? | Die Frage wird in der Sprechgegenwart gestellt. Sie bezieht sich auf einen Zeitraum, der von der Vergangenheit bis zur Sprechgegenwart heranreicht. |
Tim has not come yet. | Im Augenblick der Aussage ist Tim noch nicht erschienen. |
The Halls have been in the Netherlands for more than a month. | Die Familie Hall ist vor mehr als einem Monat in die Niederlande gefahren. Und sie sind immer noch dort. |
Sue has been in Wales since February. | Sue fuhr im Februar nach Wales und befindet sich immer noch dort. |
John has lived in Inverness since Xmas 1975. | Mit since wird der Zeitpunkt angegeben, seit dem John in Inverness wohnt. |
Mike has been here for three years. | Durch die Zeitangabe mit for wird der Zeitraum angegeben, der von der Vergangenheit bis zur Sprechgegenwart reicht. |
Joff has just finished his homework. | Eine in der (aller-)jüngsten Vergangenheit abgeschlossene Handlung, die zudem noch mit just als Zeitindikator ausgedrückt wird, steht im present perfect. |
Have you ever been to London, Peter? Haven't they ever eaten Italian food? Nothing disgusting like that has ever happened to the Halls. He has never slept in a youth hostel. | In bejahten und verneinten Aussagesätzen, bejahten und verneinten Fragesätzen stehen Zeitadverbien wie ever, never (= not ... ever), yet und already, die eine unbestimmte Zeit vor der Aussage in der Sprechgegenwart betreffen, mit dem present perfect. |
Chris has lost his car keys. | Chris hat ihre Autoschlüssel verloren und sie noch nicht wieder gefunden. |
I've bought a nice present for my friend. | Schau, hier ist es! Nicht der Umstand, dass der Kaufvorgang abgeschlossen ist, wird hier als wichtiges Element der Aussage angesehen, sondern die Betonung in der Aussage liegt auf dem Umstand, dass der Käufer des Geschenks dieses mit sich führt und vorzeigen kann. |
Paddy has been to the cinema three times this week. | Hier ist eine Handlung mehrfach in einem Zeitraum ausgeführt worden, der noch nicht vollendet ist. Es ist erst Freitag und die Woche ist noch nicht zu Ende. Paddy könnte also nochmals ins Kino gehen. |
The Halls have visited the Falklands several times. | Eine Handlung, die sich zwischen der Vergangenheit und der Sprechgegenwart ohne genauere zeitliche Angabe abgespielt hat, wird mit dem present perfect verbunden. Das Ergebnis der Handlung wird als wichtig erachtet. |
In allen Beispielen wird ein Vorgang oder ein Zustand, welcher in der Vergangenheit begonnen hat, zu der Gegenwart mit oder ohne Zeitbestimmung in Bezug gesetzt. Die Handlung reicht in jedem Fall bis zur Sprech-
Das present perfect bezeichnet auch Vorgänge, welche in der Vergangenheit abgeschlossen sind (Die Schlüssel wurde gestern verloren, aber jetzt im Augenblick -
Achtung: Im Deutschen werden die Sätze mit since und for in der Gegenwart wiedergegeben.
Es gibt Indikatoren, welche auf den Gebrauch des present perfect hinweisen. Die geläufigsten Signalwörter sind:
yet | not yet | already |
since | for | ever since |
up to now | recently | as yet |
up till now | up to the present | so far |
in my life | these last x years | just |
this week | this morning | lately |
ever | never | always |
(Achtung: Die rot gedruckten Zeitbestimmungen können auch mit dem past tense gebraucht werden) |
The present perfect continuous
Maggie has been watching tv for two hours. | Maggie schaut jetzt (Sprech - Gegenwart) schon länger als zwei Sunden fern. |
How long have you been studying English? | Wie lange lernen Sie jetzt schon Englisch? Da Lernen ein kontinuierlicher Prozess ist und das Lernen in diesem Fall in der Vergangenheit angefangen hat und bis zur Ggegenwart bzw. noch bis in die Zukunft reicht, wird hier nicht nur present perfect, sondern bevorzugt present perfect continuous gewählt. |
How long have you known her? | Man hat sich in der Vergangenheit kennen gelernt und kennt sich immer noch. know ist ein Verb, das regulär nicht in der Verlaufsform vorkommt, deshalb keine Verlaufsform in diesem Satz. |
They've always disliked marking papers. | dislike ist ein Verb, welches nicht in der Verlaufsform gebraucht wird; der Umstand, dass diese Lehrer nicht gerne korrigieren, hat in der Vergangenheit begonnen und ist zum Zeitpunkt, wo der Satz mündlich oder schriftlich geäußert wird, immer noch gültig. |
Die progressive form oder continuous form des present perfect wird verwendet, wenn der Verlauf eines Geschehens betont dargestellt werden soll. Mithilfe der Verlaufsform soll das sich gerade abspielende Geschehen ausgedrückt werden. Der Sprecher oder Schreiber ist sowohl am Ablauf der Handlung als auch am Resultat der Handlung, die sich entweder immer noch abspielt oder die bereits (gerade) zu Ende gegangen ist, interessiert.
Da die Verlaufsform mit allen Zeiten des Aktivs und dem im present tense und past tense des Passivs gebraucht werden kann, wird sie folglich auch mit dem present perfect als present perfect progressive gebraucht.
Die Verlaufsform wird nur bei bestimmten Verben verwendet:
► Verben, deren Bedeutung bereits einen Verlauf beinhaltet, stehen nicht mit der Verlaufsform.
keine Verlaufsform | ||||
to contain | to love | to fade | to know | to agree to |
to like / dislike | to belong to | to hate | to deserve | to believe in |
to exist | to mind | to own / have / possess | to want / wish / desire | to seem |
to suppose | to remember | to suffice |
► Verben mit veränderter, erweiterter und übertragener Bedeutung können mit der Verlaufsform stehen.
keine Verlaufsform | Verlaufsform |
to see = sehen | to see so. off = jmd. verabschieden, fortbringen |
to taste = schmecken | to taste sth. = etw. probieren, abschmecken |
to hear = hören | to hear lectures = Vorlesungen hören |
to smell = riechen | to smell sth. = riechen an |
to enter = betreten, eintreten | to enter the harbour = gerade einlaufen |
to arrive = ankommen | to arrive at = gelangen |
The simple past tense
e = event = Handlung
Beispiel | Erklärung |
Last summer we spent our holiday in Spain. | Vom heutigen / jetzigen Zeitpunkt aus betrachtet ist der letzte Sommer um. Ebenso ist der Sommerurlaub vorüber. Sowohl der Sommer als auch die Ferien sind völlig abgeschlossen. |
The Normans conquered England in 1066. | Das Jahr 1066 ist längst vorbei. Der Umstand, dass England von den Normannen erobert wurde, war zwar für die weitere Entwicklung Englands zu dieser Zeit ein wichtiger Umstand, ist aber mittlerweile nur noch als abgeschlossenes, geschichtliches Faktum von Interesse. |
When were you born? | Es interessiert bei dieser Frage den Fragesteller ausschließlich das Geburtsdatum des Gefragten. Der Vorgang des Geburt liegt aber eindeutig in der Vergangenheit. |
Once upon a time, there was a knight who always came too late to his friends. So he had to pay them their drinks. He did not want to, but the landlord ... | Hier handelt es sich um eine Aufzählung verschiedener, aufeinander folgender Vorgänge in der Vergangenheit. |
Two months ago, he came back from the States. | Die Zeitangabe am Satzanfang weist eindeutig auf einen abgeschlossenen Vorgang in der Vergangenheit hin. |
Generell bezeichnet das simple past tense Handlungen oder Vorgänge, die in der Vergangenheit völlig abgeschlossen wurden. Das simple past tense wird auch abgeschlossene Vergangenheit genannt.
Es steht bei
► geschichtlichen Tatsachen
► wenn man die Frage when? stellen kann
► Erzählungen als (normale) Zeitform des Erzählens und des Erzählers
► der Wiedergabe aufeinander folgender Vorgänge und Handlungen in der Vergangenheit.
► Handlungen oder Vorgängen, die mit bestimmten Zeitangaben der Vergangenheit im Zusammenhang stehen. Dazu gehören u. a. folgende:
yesterday | last night | in + Jahreszahl |
Zeitangabe + ago | last year | never |
lately | last month | ever |
recently | last week | the other day |
this week | when? | already |
formerly | long ago | once upon a time |
(Achtung: Die rot gedruckten Zeitbestimmungen können auch mit dem present perfect gebraucht werden) |
The past tense continuous
Beispiel | Erklärung |
I was doing my homework when my sister came home. |
Beim Hausaufgabenmachen handelt es
sich um einen Vorgang von vorübergehender Dauer, der sich in einem Zeitraum
der Vergangenheit abspielt. Das Nachhausekommen der Schwester findet auch
genau in diesem Zeitraum statt. Eine Handlung dauert noch an, während
eine andere Handlung eintritt.
Die neue Handlung wird mit dem
simple past
ausgedrückt, während die sich in ihrem Verlauf befindliche Handlung mit der
past
tense continuous form
gebildet wird. |
When the Halls were having breakfast, the telephone rang. |
Die eine Handlung ist in ihrem
Ablauf begriffen, während eine neue Handlung hinzukommt.
Die
neue Handlung wird mit dem
simple past
ausgedrückt, während die sich in ihrem Verlauf befindliche Handlung mit der
past
tense continuous form
gebildet wird. |
Die progressive form oder continuous form wird verwendet, wenn der Verlauf eines Geschehens betont dargestellt werden soll. Mithilfe der Verlaufsform soll das sich in der Vergangenheit gerade abspielende Geschehen ausgedrückt werden.
Da die Verlaufsform mit allen Zeiten des Aktivs und dem im present tense und past tense des Passivs gebraucht werden kann, wird sie folglich auch mit dem past tense als past tense progressive gebraucht.
Die Verlaufsform wird nur bei bestimmten Verben verwendet:
► Verben, deren Bedeutung bereits einen Verlauf beinhaltet, stehen nicht mit der Verlaufsform.
► Verben mit veränderter, erweiterter und übertragener Bedeutung können mit der Verlaufsform stehen.
(Verben siehe oben)
The past perfect tense
Vorvergangenheit | Vergangenheit |
past perfect | past tense |
Handlung liegt weiter in der Vergangenheit | Handlung liegt näher an der Gegenwart |
e1 + e2 | |
Peter had already left the building | when the taxi arrived. |
e3 | |
The taxi took him to the station. | |
e4 | |
He told the taxi-driver to stop in front of the station. | |
e5 + e6 | |
After he had paid the taxi-driver, | he went to the lost property office. |
e7 | |
He asked the lady to help him find his umbrella again. | |
e8 | |
But the nice lady could not find his umbrella. | |
Handlung liegt weiter in der Vergangenheit | Handlung liegt näher an der Gegenwart |
Das past perfect (dt. Vorvergangenheit, Plusquamperfekt) bezeichnet Vorgänge, Handlungen oder Zustände, die vor einem anderen in der Vergangenheit liegenden Ereignis bereits abgeschlossen waren.
Sinngemäß steht der andere Halbsatz dann im past tense.
Vorvergangenheit | Vergangenheit |
past perfect | past tense |
Handlung liegt weiter in der Vergangenheit | Handlung liegt näher an der Gegenwart |
How long had you known him | before he left the city? |
I had been waiting for her for ages | before she finally arrived. |
Handlung liegt weiter in der Vergangenheit | Handlung liegt näher an der Gegenwart |
Außerdem wird das past perfect oder past perfect continuous gebraucht, um Handlungen oder Zustände, die vor einem Zeitpunkt der Vergangenheit anfingen und zu diesem Zeitpunkt noch immer andauerten, auszudrücken.
Die progressive form oder continuous form wird verwendet, wenn der Sprecher oder Schreiber den Verlauf eines Geschehens betont darstellen will. Mithilfe der Verlaufsform soll das sich gerade abspielende Geschehen ausgedrückt werden.
Da die Verlaufsform mit allen Zeiten des Aktivs und dem im present tense und past tense des Passivs gebraucht werden kann, wird sie folglich auch mit dem past perfect als past perfect progressive gebraucht.
Auch als past perfect progressive wird die Vorvergangenheit nur bei bestimmten Verben eingesetzt (siehe oben).
The conditional
Im eigentlichen Sinne handelt es sich bei den Konditionalformen nicht um Zeitformen. Die Konditionalformen sind Möglichkeitsformen. Mit ihrer Hilfe wird die Möglichkeit ausgedrückt, dass eine Handlung in dieser oder jener Form ablaufen oder eintreten kann.
Man unterscheidet zwischen conditional I und conditional II. In der deutschen Grammatik bezeichnen wir diese Formen als Konjunktiv 1 oder Konjunktiv 2 oder Möglichkeitsformen.
Besonders wichtig wird der Gebrauch der Konditionalformen in den verschiedenen Typen der Konditionalsätze zur Bezeichnung der unterschiedlichen Formen der Bedingungen.
Formidentisch mit dem conditional I und conditional II sind das future in the past und das future perfect in the past.
The future in the past
Die Formen des future in the past werden gebraucht, wenn wir als zeitlichen Bezugspunkt einen Punkt der Vergangenheit nehmen und über etwas sprechen, was danach geschah.
Man verwendet das future in the past also, wenn über etwas gesprochen wird, das zum Zeitpunkt der Vergangenheit, auf den man sich mit seiner sprachlichen Äußerung bezieht, noch nicht geschehen ist.
Das future in the past tritt vor allem in der Erzählung auf und kommt dort vorwiegend in der indirekten und erlebten Rede und im inneren Monolog sowohl im Aktiv als auch im Passiv vor. Es folgt dabei im Allgemeinen den Regeln des will -
Ebenfalls werden die restlichen Möglichkeiten, mit deren Hilfe das Futur ausgedrückt werden kann bzw. muss, als future in the past bezeichnet.
future | → | future in the past |
will + infinitive | → | would+ infinitive |
am / is / are going to + infinitive | → | was / were going to + infinitive |
present progressive | → | past progressive |
simple present | → | simple past |
Beispiele:
The judge sent her to Australia from where she would never come back before she died. |
When I saw Joff last time he was going to go back to London. |
His brother was leaving for Chester soon afterwards. |
He told his wife that when our neighbours arrived we would go to the restaurant. |
In temporalen Nebensätzen, die mit den Konjunktionen when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if and unless eingeleitet werden, steht kein future in the past.
Das future in the past progessive / future in the past progessive continuous wird verwendet, wenn der Sprecher oder Schreiber die ununterbrochene Dauer des Ereignisses hervorheben will.
Beispiele:
Her sister would be playing the piano for hours. |
Nobody would be thinking of him anymore. |
At five o'clock he would be sitting in the the train to Swansea. |
The workers would not be working at that very moment. |
The future perfect in the past
By then my parents would have finished eating. |
In twenty minutes Joff would have retrieved the emails. |
They would have painted their house next month. |
Harry Potter would have got his OWL results by the end of the week. |
Wie das future in the past gehört auch das future perfect in the past zu den Zeiten der past-
Wenn das future in the past einen Vorgriff auf einen aus Sicht der Vergangenheit zukünftigen Zeitpunkt bezeichnet, so wird mithilfe des future perfect in the past die Vorzeitigkeit gegenüber dem in der Vergangenheit zukünftigen Ereignis ausgedrückt.
Unterstützt wird dies meist durch eine entsprechende Zeitbestimmung, wie z.B. by (= dt. spätestens bis), next, by the time.
Beispiele:
By then my parents would have finished eating. |
In twenty minutes Joff would have retrieved the emails. |
They would have painted their house next month. |
Harry Potter would have got his OWL results by the end of the week. |
Das future perfect in the past wird mit der progressive / continuous form verwendet, wenn der Sprecher oder Schreiber die ununterbrochene Dauer des Ereignisses betonen will.
Beispiele:
My brother would have been working for the FBI for more than twenty-five years. |
At that point nobody would have been worrying about his absence. |
By that time they would have been sleeping for more than 14 hours. |
The singer would have been practising for his concert for two months next weekend. |